三、动词短语
以动词为**,功能同动词的短语或动词常与其他词类配合使用,形成固定搭配,这种固定搭配叫动词短语。
(一)构成方法
1. 动词+介词
depend on, fill in, hear about, hear from, look after, look for, look into, make for, make into, pass through, result from, result in, take after, take in, take on, take to, etc.
动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面。如:
I hear from my mother every month. 我每月都接到母亲的信。
2. 动词+副词
break down, break up, call off, come out, give up, lay down, look up, put off, set up, sit down, stand up, take off, etc.
(1) 作及物动词,如:
She brought up four children.她养大了四个孩子。
在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。如:
His grandmother and his father brought him up.是他的祖母和父亲把他养大的。
(2) 作不及物动词,如:
Something unexpected has turned up.
出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up = appear)
(3) 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,如:
The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。
The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。
动词短语的及物性与不及物性主要取决于动词短语的意思。
3. 动词+副词+介词
catch up with, come out of, come up with, do away with, keep up with, live up to, (be)made up of, put up with, etc.
在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后,如:
We must work hard to make up for lost time.
我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for = compensate)
4. 动词+名词
give a hand, give a talk, have a try, make a mistake, make a bet, take a bath, etc.
这类动词短语中的常见动词是give, have, make, take等,后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义,如:
Let’s have another try.让我们再试一下。(have a try = v. try)
5. 动词+名词+介词
catch sight of, keep an eye on, make fun of, make use of, pay attention to, take care of, etc.
这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后。如:
Keep an eye on the baby while I am out. 我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。
6. be+形容词+介词
be able to, be attached to, be aware of, be busy with, be capable of, be certain of, be close to, be concerned with, be concious of, be crazy about, be equal to, be familiar to, be familiar with, be patient with, be short of, etc.
be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义,如:
I know she is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with her.
我知道她理解力差,但你得对她耐心些。
(二)高频动词短语示例
以take与turn开头的部分动词短语为大家示例,这只是极其重要的一小部分,还有很多其他动词短语,考生要抓住**,多加练习与记忆,准确理解与掌握各类动词短语的意义与用法。
take a chance 冒险一试
take advantage of 利用,趁…之机
take way 清除,拿走
take care 小心,当心
take care of 照顾,照料
take charge of 担任,负责
take delight in 以…为乐
take down 记下,写下
take effect 生效,起作用
take for 把…认为是,把…看成为
take in 吸收,了解
take ... into account 考虑
take off 脱下,起飞
take on 呈现,承担
take one’s time 不急不忙,从容进行
take over 接办,代理
take place 发生,进行
take the place of 代替
take up 拿起,占有 turn down 拒绝,驳回
turn in 上交;归还;上床睡觉
turn on 接通,打开
turn out 制造,生产;结果是
turn over 移交;翻转;仔细考虑;换频道
turn to 变成,求助于,借助于
turn up 开大,调大;出现,来到