《中国小学英语教材语法可学性评估》:
The first issue is to differentiate formulaic structures from non—formulaic structures.The criterion used to make the distinction is to check whether the grammatical structure appears in different texts with or without variation.If the structure is provided without variation, it is considered to be an invariant form. Take Howare you? as an example. This structure is listed as a teaching objective in Unit 3 of PEP English, Book 1 (see Table 5.2).Since this structure appears in the texts and exercises without any variation, it is marked as a formulaic structure.
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