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  量子力学习题精选与剖析(第三版)
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写作文就要动脑筋,如议论文论点要鲜明,论据要充分、切题,论证方法要得当。逻辑性要强,句子要通顺、合语法,字迹还要工整。因此,人们觉得英语写作颇“伤脑筋”。许多学生写英语作文时,常常显得无所适从,不知如何构思、如何下笔,写出的句子要么不达意,要么不合语法。要想除掉上述问题,不妨翻开本书,细心研读,品味其中,妙处自现。
本书是写作教材,理应只讲写作,写作以外的东西似乎应拒之“门”外。但读者会发现每章都包含有录像视听说训练、阅读训练、范文、语法修辞训练等内容。这或许会使人生出凑数之嫌,然而本书的结构安排却是精心策划,恰到好处,做到合理配置、优化选择,为读者考虑到了细微之处。每一章、每一个细节都是本书的有机组成成分,它们各司其职,分工各异,但都是**地为提高读者/学生写作能力服务的。这也是本书独到新颖之处,因此,我们大胆而自豪地向大学生及英语自学者**这本来自美国的新思维**英语写作教程。
我们所说的语言实践能力包括听、说、读、写四种能力,这四种能力可分为输入(input)的能力(听、读)和输出(output)的能力(说、写)。一般说来,输出要比输入难,这是因为输出的过程是创造性的活动

Unit One The Paragraph
Chapter 1 The Writing Process导读1-1-导读1-2
Getting Started
Journal Writing
CNN Video Activity: "The 37,000-Page Diary"
In this clip, CNN interviews a man who has kept a diary for over 30 years
He talks about why he keeps the diary and reads a few segments from
important moments in his life.
Video Follow-up: Discussion Questions
The Process of Writing
Prewriting
Generating Ideas
Invention Techniques
Brainstorming
Freewriting
WH- Questions
Clustering
Internet Activity: Composition Skills and the Internet
Planning
Drafting
Revising
Editing
Chapter 2 Introduction to the Paragraph 导读2-1-导读2-4
Getting Started
CNN Video Activity: "Learning to Read and Write"
This video shows children learning by the whole language method, explains
how this method works, and describes what parents, teachers, and children
think of it.
Video Follow-up: Discussion Questions
What Is a Paragraph?
The Topic of a Paragraph
Prewriting: Planning
The Topic Sentence
Improving the Topic Sentence
Recognizing the Topic Sentence
Formulating the Topic Sentence
Prewriting: Generating Ideas
Support
Prewriting: Planning
Unity
Coherence
Internet Activity: Composition Skills and the Internet
Composition Skills
Revision
Peer Review
Revision Checklist for the Paragraph
Chapter 3 The Narrative Paragraph导读3-1-导读3-2
Getting Started
CNN Video Activity: "Messages for Princess Diana of England"
When Princess Diana died, many people wrote poems, notes, and letters to
leave at her memorial sites. In this clip, people reflect on why they were
moved to write these messages.
Video Follow-up: Discussion Questions
Readings: Personal Reflections
Reading 1: From "My American Journey"
In this excerpt, General Colin Powell, whose parents were born in Jamaica,
tells the story of his visit to the village where his father was born and his first
feelings upon meeting his extended family.
Reading 2: "The Best Part"
In this paragraph, Mary Kay Mackin reflects on Christmas holidays she has
spent with her family and comes to a conclusion about the part she likes
Writing
Present Narration
Internet Activity: Composition Skills and the Internet
Composition Skills
Coherence
Adverbials of Time and Sequence
Grammar Review
Past Narration
Composition Skills
Coherence
Adverbial Clauses of Time
Internet Activity: Composition Skills and the Internet
Grammar Review
Composition Skills
Revision
Peer Review
Revision Checklist for the Narrative Paragraph
Unit Two The Essay
Unit Three Grammar Review
Appendices
Index
……

连贯(Coherence)
(一)细节和例子的组织(Organization of Details and Examples)
一段说明文如果有几个细节和例子,就需要考虑它们的顺序。记叙文按时间顺序展开,描写文按空间顺序扩展,而说明文的组织结构没有固定的模式。扩展句的排序取决于文章的主题,经常按作者的逻辑来安排。但也有些常见的模式可供参考:
(1)按重要程度排序(Order of Importance):把*重要的放在*后(Saving the Best for Last)
读者一般能记住*后的情节,因此要把印象*深刻的放在段末。见93页范文:A search through etymologies will…
(2)按熟悉程度排序(Order of Familiarity):从较熟悉的到不太熟悉的(From the More Familiar to the Less Familiar)
当说明段的细节主要涉及事实时,一般从*熟悉或*明显的细节开始。下面关于吸烟花费的段落(94页)就是按这种排序。作者首先讲多数人会想到的细节——价格,然后过渡到不太明显或一般人不太熟悉的花费——清洁费。阅读时,注意作者是如何衔接较明显的花费与不太明显的花费的。
(3)按时间顺序安排(Order of Time):从过去到现在(From the Past to the Present)
说明段的细节和例子如果涉及史实,或是过去发生的事件,通常按时间顺序排列。见94页范文:The seventeenth century was...
(二)过渡性词语(Transitional Words and Phrases)
一段中的句子和内容不仅应当组织有条理,而且还应当通顺流畅。过渡性词语(如next(表示时间)、above(表示位置))之所以叫过渡性词语,是因为它们可表示句子之间的逻辑关系,显示它们后面应该是什么扩展内容,起到衔接的作用,有助于加强内容的连贯。本章**介绍,在通过举例法和例证法扩展的说明段落中常用的过渡性词语。详见97~99页例句。
(1)An example of,the most significant example:用于确认句中的例子,常见于例证说明。如:
An example of a brilliant scientist is Albert Einstein.
还用于明确所举例子的重要程度,尤其在“由*不重要到*重要”的细节排序段落中,如:
The most startling example of a word that has specialized in meaning is girl.
One of the best-known examples of fish destruction in the United States took place in 1955...
(2)Another example of,an additional example:在所举例子
…… Level and Aim of the Text
The fifth edition of Refining Composition Skills presents an integrated program of writing for high-intermediate and advanced students of English as a second or foreign language(ESL/EFL).It combines extensive practice in rhetorical strategies and techniques with a review of appropriate grammatical structures and verbtenses.With its extensive appendices.the text can further serve as a handbook for writing,grammar,and mechanics.The primary audience is the academically oriented ESL student;however,the text also can be useful in developmental writing courses for native speakers who could benefit from more guidance in writing compositions.
Flexibility of the Text
Refining Composition Skills can accommodate the needs of students of varying degrees of experience and levels of writing skills.Inexperienced writers will build a solid foundation in writing beginning with Unit One,which presents the basic paragraph patterns useful for high school- or college-level writing:narrative.descriptive,and expository.This unit covers developing and restricting topic sentences;organizing and developing effective,detailed support of the controlling idea;and outlining.Students who have had considerable practice composing the types of paragraphs presented in this unit may consider the chapters in Unit One a review.More experienced writers might begin the text with Unit Two,which focuses on the multiparagraph essay.This unit introduces the common patterns of exposition along with argumentation.Here the emphasis is on a strong thesis statement and appropriate and well-organized support.Another option for experienced writers is to review the writing process and the paragraph in Chapters 1 and 2 before or after starting essay writing in Unit Two.Refining Composition Skills contains enough material so that teachers can pick the chapters most appropriate for their students and thus design writing courses of varying difficulty.
Design of the Text
Except for Chapters 1,2,and 6,which provide introductions to the writing process,the paragraph,and the essay,respectively,each chapter in Refining Composition Skills focuses on a rhetorical mode of development and the conventions associated with that mode.Each chapter contains four basic components:getting started Video and journal writing activities,reading selections,an introduction to the rhetorical pattern,and the relevant composition skills(devices for achieving coherence)。

“我发现这是一本难得的**写作教材。其中*突出的特点在于本书的范文、练习、语法解释和附录部分。我会试着用这本教材来帮助我的学生们提高英语写作水平。”
“本书中介绍的*新互连网活动对提高写作技能是很有帮助的,能够让学生们在写作时通过互连网找到大量有用的信息。”
“我很喜欢这本书,因为它比我用过的其他教材更严格、准确和有效。”
非常5+1(视、听、说、阅读、互联网+写作),**写作,享受英语,轻松学习!
接受型任务教学与创造型任务教学相结合。以视、听、读输入(input)为主的接受型教学向以说、写输出(output)为主的创造型教学转换。
CNN权威录像,*新阅读材料,有效网络活动。
便捷、省时、实用、易懂的中文导读。