哲学史在很多方而就像史诗式的小说。可敬的先哲们为增慧后学,经过痛苦的思想砥砺,缔造了哲学传统。
在这巨大的哲学家族总会有一些“不安分子”(black—sheep)频生事端、搅动倪墙,甚至触怒当政者。哲学流派之间也经常针锋相时、势同水火,但却从未真正分出胜负。这些对峙随着传奇一起代际相传,表现为一种发展的进程。旧论弃如敝屣,新凋登堂入室,尽管有时候只是风行一时而已。
因此,正像一个大哲所说的,哲学史是观念的历险。这本书就是试图勾勒出这出大戏的线索。

Preface1
PartOne
ANCIENTGREEKPHILOSOPHY
ChaperISocrates'Predecessors5
WhatIsPermanentinExistence?7
Thales7
Anaximander8
Anaximenes10
TheMathematicalBasisofAllThings11
Pythagoras11
AttemptstoExplainChange15
Heraclitus15
Parmenides18
Zeno19
Empedocles22
Anaxagoras24
TheAtomists25
AtomsandtheVoid26
TheoryofKnowledgeandEthics28
Chapter2TheSophistsandSocrates29
TheSophists31
Protagoras32
Gorgias33
Thrasymachus34
Socrates34
Socrates'Life35
SocratesasaPhilosopher37
Socrates'TheoryofKnowledge:IntellectualMidwifery39
Socrates'MoralThought42
Socrates'TrialandDeath43
Chapter3Plato46
Plato'sLife46
TheoryofKnowledge49
TheCave49
TheDividedLine51
TheoryofForms55
MoralPhilosophy59
TheConceptoftheSoul59
TheCauseofEvil:IgnoranceorForgetfulness61
RecoveringLostMorality62
VirtueasFulfillmentofFunction63
PoliticalPhilosophy64
TheStateasaGiantPerson65
ThePhilosopher-King66
TheVirtuesintheState67
TheDeclineoftheIdealState69
ViewoftheCosmos71
Chapter4Aristotle75
Aristotle'sLife75
Logic78
TheCategoriesandtheStartingPointofReasoning78
TheSyllogism79
Metaphysics81
TheProblemofMetaphysicsDefined81
SubstanceasthePrimaryEssenceofThings82
MatterandForm83
TheProcessofChange:TheFourCauses84
PotentialityandActuality85
TheUnmovedMover86
ThePlaceofHumans:Physics,Biology,andPsychology87
Physics87
Biology88
Psychology88
Ethics90
Typesof"Ends"90
TheFunctionofHumanBeings91
HappinessastheEnd92
VirtueastheGoldenMean93
DeliberationandChoice94
Contemplation94
Politics95
TypesofStates96
DifferencesandInequalities96
GoodGovernmentandRevolution97
PhilosophyofArt98
PartTwo
HELLENISTICANDMEDIEVALPHILOSOPHY
Chapter5ClassicalPhilosophyafterAristotle103
Epicureanism104
PhysicsandEthics105
GodandDeath106
ThePleasurePrinciple106
IndividualPleasureversusSocialDuty108
Stoicism108
WisdomandControlversusPleasure108
StoicTheoryofKnowledge110
MatterastheBasisofAllReality111
GoodinEverything111
FateandProvidence112
HumanNature112
EthicsandtheHumanDrama112
TheProblemofFreedom113
CosmopolitanismandJustice114
Skepticism114
TheSensesAreDeceptive117
MoreRulesRaiseDoubts117
MoralityPossiblewithoutIntellectualCertainty118
Plotinus119
GodastheOne120
TheMetaphorofEmanation121
Salvation124
Chapter6Augustine125
Augustine'sLife125
HumanKnowledge128
OvercomingSkepticism128
KnowledgeandSensation128
TheTheoryofIllumination131
God132
TheCreatedWorld134
CreationfromNothing134
TheSeminalPrinciples135
MoralPhilosophy135
TheRoleofLove136
FreeWillastheCauseofEvil138
Justice139
TheHistoryandtheTwoCities140
History140
Chapter7PhilosophyintheEarlyMiddleAges142
Boethius142
TheConsolationofPhilosophy144
TheProblemofUniversals144
Pseudo-Dionysius146
JohnScotusErigena148
TheDivisionofNature148
NewSolutionstotheProblemofUniversals150
OdoandGuillaume:ExaggeratedRealism150
Roscellinus:Nominalism151
Abelard:ConceptualismorModerateRealism152
Anselm'sOntologicalArgument153
Anselm'sRealism153
OntologicalArgument155
Gaunilon'sRebuttal156
Anselm'sReplytoGaunilon156
FaithandReasoninMuslimandJewishThought156
Avicenna157
Averro6s159
MosesMaimonides160
Chapter8AquinasandhisLateMedievalSuccessors163
Aquinas'sLife164
BonaventuraandtheUniversityofParis166
PhilosophyandTheology167
FaithandReason168
ProofsofGod'sExistence169
ProofsfromMotion,EfficientCause,andNecessaryBeing169
ProofsfromPerfectionandOrder170
AssessmentoftheProofs171
KnowledgeofGod'sNature171
TheNegativeWay(ViaNegativa)172
KnowledgebyAnalogy172
Creation173
IstheCreatedOrderEternal?173
CreationoutofNothing174
IsThistheBestPossibleWorld?174
EvilasPrivation174
TheRangeofCreatedBeing:TheChainofBeing175
MoralityandNaturalLaw176
NaturalLaw177
TheState180
HumanNatureandKnowledge182
HumanNature182
Knowledge182
Scotus,Ockham,andEckhart183
Voluntarism183
Nominalism184
Mysticism186
PartThree
EARLYMODERNPHILOSOPHY
Chapter9PhilosophyduringtheRenaissance191
TheClosingoftheMiddleAges191
HumanismandtheItalianRenaissance193
Pico193
Machiavelli194
TheReformation196
Luther196
Erasmus198
SkepticismandFaith200
Montaigne200
Pascal203
TheScientificRevolution204
NewDiscoveriesandNewMethods205
ModemAtomism206
FrancisBacon208
DistempersofLearning209
IdolsoftheMind210
InductiveMethod211
ThomasHobbes212
InfluenceofGeometryuponHobbes'sThought212
BodiesinMotion:TheObjectofThought213
MechanicalViewofHumanThought215
PoliticalPhilosophyandMorality216
TheStateofNature217
ObligationintheStateofNature218
TheSocialContract219
CivilLawversusNaturalLaw220
Chapter10RationalismontheContinent222
Descartes223
Life223
Descartes'Method226
MethodicDoubt229
TheExistenceofGodandExternalThings230
MindandBody232
Spinoza234
Method234
God:SubstanceandAttribute236
TheWorldasModesofGod'sAttributes237
Knowledge,Mind,andBody238
Ethics240
Leibniz241
Substance242
God'sExistence244
KnowledgeandNature246
Chapter11EmpiricisminBritain250
Locke251
Locke'sTheoryofKnowledge252
Locke'sMoralandPoliticalTheory257
Berkeley260
Hume267
Hume'sTheoryofKnowledge268
WhatExistsExternaltoUs?271
Ethics273
PartFour
LATEMODERNAND19TMCENTURYPHILOSOPHY
Chapter12Kant281
TheShapingofKant'sProblem282
Kant'sCriticalPhilosophyandHisCopernicanRevolution284
TheWayofCriticalPhilosophy284
TheNatureofaprioriKnowledge285
TheSyntheticAPriori286
Kant'sCopernicanRevolution288
TheStructureofRationalThought289
TheCategoriesofThoughtandtheFormsofIntuition289
TheSelfandtheUnityofExperience290
PhenomenalandNoumenalReality291
TranscendentalIdeasofPureReasonasRegulativeConcepts291
TheAntinomiesandtheLimitsofReason292
ProofsofGod'sExistence294
PracticalReason295
TheBasisofMoralKnowledge296
MoralityandRationality297
"Good"DefinedastheGoodWill297
TheCategoricalImperative298
TheMoralPostulates300
Aesthetics:TheBeautiful301
TheBeautifulasIndependentPleasantSatisfaction

哲学史在很多方而就像史诗式的小说。可敬的先哲们为增慧后学,经过痛苦的思想砥砺,缔造了哲学传统。
在这巨大的哲学家族总会有一些“不安分子”(black—sheep)频生事端、搅动倪墙,甚至触怒当政者。哲学流派之间也经常针锋相时、势同水火,但却从未真正分出胜负。这些对峙随着传奇一起代际相传,表现为一种发展的进程。旧论弃如敝屣,新凋登堂入室,尽管有时候只是风行一时而已。
因此,正像一个大哲所说的,哲学史是观念的历险。这本书就是试图勾勒出这出大戏的线索。