《会计与财务管理专业英语(第二版)》涵盖了会计和财务管理的有关内容,分为两个部分,共28章。**部分是会计部分,分基础会计和财务会计两个单元,共16章。基础会计单元依次介绍了会计等式、会计循环和基本的财务报表知识;财务会计单元依次介绍了资产、负债、所有者权益、收入、费用和具体的财务报表应用。第二部分是财务管理专题,共12章,依次介绍了时间价值、利率、风险、融资、投资、营运资金、利润分配和报表分析等内容。每一章后面都附有词汇表。

ART 1 ACCOUNTING
UNIT 1 Basic Accounting
Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting
1.1 Definition of Accounting
Accounting is often described as a service activity. Its function is to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about economic entities. The scope of accounting first includes identifying economic events, and then measuring, recording, summarizing and reporting the information to users. Accounting covers a significantly broader scope of activities than bookkeeping.
Bookkeeping is a part of accounting that records transactions and events. Accounting includes the analysis and interpretation of accounting information intended to be used by both external and internal users in making economic decisions. Accounting information is needed to answer day-to-day questions about business operations.
The primary users of accounting information are investors, and managers, creditors, government officials, labor unions and the general public also use accounting information. Financial statements report accounting information that provides answers to questions about resources, earning prospects, expected cash collections, expenses to be incurred, debt-paying ability, tax collection, and negotiating wage agreements.
1.2 Profession of Accounting
The demand for accounting services has increased with the increase of the number, size and complexity of businesses. In addition, new laws and regulations have also created an increasing demand for accounting services.
You may wonder whether there are career opportunities in accounting. The answer is yes. Employment opportunities in the profession of accountancy are expected to continue to grow and expand. In a report prepared by the U.S. Department of Labor, the accounting profession was estimated to increase by 39.8% between the late 1980s and the year 2000.
Accountants are engaged in either private accounting or public accounting. Accountants employed by a business firm or a non-profit organization are said to be engaged in private accounting. Accountants and the staff who provide services on a fee basis are said to be engaged in public accounting.
Experience in private and public accounting has long been recognized as an excellent kind of training for top management positions. Many positions in industry and state and federal agencies are held by individuals with education background and experience in accounting.
(1) Private accounting field. The scopes of activities and duties of private accountants vary widely. If private accountants are employed by a manufacturing firm, they may be called industrial or cost accountants. The chief accountant in a business may be called the controller. Various state and federal agencies and other non-profit agencies also employ accountants.
(2) Public accounting field. In public accounting, an accountant may practice as an individual or as a member of a public accounting firm. Public accountants who have met a state’s educational, experiential and examinatorial requirements may become Certified Public Accountants (CPAs).
The requirements for obtaining a CPA certificate differ among various states in America. All states require college education in accounting, and most states now require 150 semester hours of college credit. In addition, a candidate must pass a two-day examination prepared by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) in America. How difficult is the CPA examination? Approximately 30% of the candidates can pass each of the four parts of the CPA examination. Only about 10% to 20% can pass the entire examination at one time.
(3) Specialized accounting fields. You may think that accounting is the same in all fields. However, you will find several specialized fields of accounting in practice. The two most common fields are financial accounting and managerial accounting. Other fields include cost accounting, environmental accounting, international accounting, non-profit accounting, and social accounting.
Financial accounting is primarily concerned with the recording and reporting of economic data and activities for an entity. Although such reports provide useful information for managers, they are the principal reports for owners, creditors, governmental agencies, and the public. Financial accountants follow the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in preparing reports for stockholders and the public who are interested in investing. These principles ensure that reports for different companies can be compared. For example, the ability to compare financial reports is essential for an investor who is deciding which company to invest in.
Managerial accounting, often called management accounting, uses both financial accounting and estimated data of the management in running day-to-day operations and planning future operations. Managerial accounting can provide managers with relevant and timely info

Contents PART 1 ACCOUNTING 1 UNIT 1 Basic Accounting 2 Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting 3 1.1 Definition of Accounting 3 1.2 Profession of Accounting 3 1.3 Types of Accounting Information 5 1.4 Measurement Bases of Financial Accounting 5 1.5 Basic Accounting Assumptions and Qualitative Characteristics 7 Chapter 2 The Accounting Equation and Double-Entry Bookkeeping 17 2.1 Accounting Elements 17 2.2 The Accounting Equation 18 2.3 Double-Entry Bookkeeping 21 Chapter 3 Accounting Cycle (Ⅰ) 29 3.1 Journal and Journalizing Transactions 29 3.2 Ledger and Posting Transactions 32 3.3 Preparing a Trial Balance 35 Chapter 4 Accounting Cycle (Ⅱ) 43 4.1 Time Period Principle and the Need for Adjustments 43 4.2 Accrual Basis Versus Cash Basis of Accounting 44 4.3 Prepare Adjusting Entries 45 4.4 The Adjusted Trial Balance and Preparation for Financial Statements 49 4.5 Worksheet 52 4.6 Closing Entries 54 4.7 The Post-Closing Trial Balance 56 4.8 The Steps in the Accounting Cycle 57 Chapter 5 Basic Financial Statements 66 5.1 Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Incomes 66 5.2 Statement of Changes in Owners’ Equity 67 5.3 Statement of Financial Position 68 5.4 Statement of Cash Flows 70 Chapter 6 Accounting for Merchandising Operations 76 6.1 Merchandising Activities 76 6.2 Accounting for Merchandise Purchase 78 6.3 Accounting for Merchandise Sales 81 6.4 The Adjusting and Closing Entries for Merchandisers 83 6.5 Preparing Financial Statements 85 UNIT 2 Financial Accounting 93 Chapter 7 Cash 94 7.1 Nature of Cash 94 7.2 Control of Cash 95 Chapter 8 Accounts Receivable 110 8.1 Nature of Accounts Receivable 110 8.2 Sales Discounts 111 8.3 Sales Returns and Allowances 112 8.4 Accounting for Bad Debt Expense 112 Chapter 9 Inventory 126 9.1 Nature of Inventory 126 9.2 Perpetual and Periodic Inventory Systems 127 9.3 Inventory Cost Flow Methods 128 Chapter 10 Fixed Assets 140 10.1 Definition of Fixed Assets 140 10.2 Acquisition of Fixed Assets 140 10.3 Depreciation of Fixed Assets 142 10.4 Disposal of Fixed Assets 145 Chapter 11 Intangible Assets 152 11.1 Definition of Intangible Assets 152 11.2 Classification of Intangible Assets 152 11.3 Acquisition of Intangible Assets 153 11.4 Amortization of Intangible Assets 154 11.5 Goodwill 155 Chapter 12 Liabilities 161 12.1 Definition of Liabilities 161 12.2 Characteristics of Liabilities 161 12.3 Classification of Liabilities 161 12.4 Accounting for Liabilities 162 Chapter 13 Owners’ Equity 171 13.1 Forms of Business Organizations 171 13.2 Sole Proprietorship Accounting 171 13.3 Partnership Accounting 172 13.4 Corporation Accounting 182 Chapter 14 Revenues and Expenses 198 14.1 Contents of Income Statement 198 14.2 Accounting for Revenues 199 14.3 Accounting for Expenses 201 Chapter 15 Financial Statements (Ⅰ) 210 15.1 Statement of Financial Position 210 15.2 Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Incomes 219 Chapter 16 Financial Statements (Ⅱ) 233 16.1 Statement of Cash Flows 233 16.2 Statement of Changes in Owners’ Equity 237 PART 2 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 248 Chapter 17 Overview of Financial Management 250 17.1 Main Contents of Financial Management 250 17.2 Targets of Financial Management 253 17.3 Major Tasks of Financial Managers 254 Chapter 18 Time Value of Money 257 18.1 Relationship to Payment Decisions 257 18.2 Future Value and Present Value of Single Amount 257 18.3 Future Value and Present Value of Annuity 259 18.4 Determining Annuity Value 262 Chapter 19 Interest Rate 265 19.1 Historical Interest Rates 265 19.2 Reasons for Interest Rate Changes 266 19.3 Interest Rate Quotes 267 19.4 Converting APR to EAR 267 19.5 Inflation and Real Versus Nominal Rates 268 19.6 Risks and Taxes 268 19.7 Market Interest Rate Model 269 Chapter 20 Risk and Return 271 20.1 A Single Investment 271 20.2 A Multi-Investment Portfolio 273 20.3 Risk-Return Relationship 275 Chapter 21 Financial Ratio Analysis 278 21.1 Broad Categories of Ratios 278 21.2 Profitability and Return on Capital 280 21.3 Liquidity, Gearing/Leverage and Working Capital 282 21.4 Efficiency Ratios: Control of Receivables and Inventories 285 21.5 Shareholders’ Investment Ratios 287 Chapter 22 Debt Financing 296 22.1 Short-Term Debt Financing 296 22.2 Long-Term Debt Financing 297 Chapter 23 Equity Financing 301 23.1 The Concept of Equity Financing 301 23.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Equity Financing 301 23.3 The Factors Considered for Choosing a Method of Financing 302 23.4 The Sources of Equity Financing 302 23.5 The Methods of Equity Financing 303 Chapter 24 Capital Budgeting (Ⅰ) 308 24.1 The Importance of Capital Budgeting 308 24.2 The Pro