Chapter Six
Mencius' Deepening of the
Confucian Philosophy
Mencius is the latinized form of Meng Ke (c. 372-289 BC), who was born in the small state of Zou (present-day Zouxian County, Shandong Province). Tradition has it that he was a descendent of the Mengsun fam- ily of the State of Lu. In his youth he was a pupil of Zisi, grandson of Confucius. He had a deep respect and admiration for Confucius. In his own words, "What I wish to do is to learn to be like Confucius." (Men- cius ~ Gongsun Chou (I), hereafter only the title of the quoted chapter is given) Like Confucius, he spent many years traveling with his disciples among the various states into which China was divided at that time (the Warring States Period), disseminating his theories of benevolent government. He had to contend with rival thinkers who advocated military force and harsh rule as the way to build up a powerful and prosperous state. As witness to this, we can quote the historian Sima Qian: "After the State of Qin appointed Shang Yang prime minister, it became rich and militarily powerful. When the states of Wei and Chu listened to the ad- vice of Wu Qi, they conquered their enemies. Sun Wu, Tian Ji and the like helped kings Wei and Xuan of the State of Qi to force other feudal lords to submit to Qi." (Records of the Historian ~ Biographies of Meng Ke and Xun Qing) But Mencius opposed the use of violence, and felt ashamed to talk about material gain. As a result, he failed to find a patron among the contemporary feudal lords. In his later years he retired to his native place, and devoted himself to teaching. "He wrote prefaces to the Book of Poetry and to the Book of History, he explained the sayings of Confucius, and wrote the Mencius in seven volumes." (Ibid) He engaged
in political and academic activities all his life, and since his doings and sayings contributed a great deal to the development of Confucianism,
In ancient China, there emerged treatises and books in which the au- thors made comments on the academic thought of the past ages. For in- stance, Zhuangzi ~ Under Heaven by Zhuang Zhou (c. 369-286), A Treatise on the Major Ideas of the Six Schools by Sima Tan (?-110 BC), and Academic Cases of the Song and Yuan Dynasties and Academic Cases of the Ming Confucians, both edited by Huang Zongxi (1610-1695). These works, since they summarize and analyze the sources and courses of various schools of thought from different ideological angles under the influence of the demands of different historical periods, are of reference value for present-day research in the field of the history of philosophy. However, this field was not regarded as a separate area of study until modem times.