Many large businesses, however, need cash for new development or expansion far inexcess of what can be provided from their profits or from private sources of capital. A newfactory, an oil-well in the North Sea, can cost millions of pounds to construct and bring intoproduction. A new design of car or brand of medicine likewise can cost millions of pounds todesign, develop, test and market before it reaches the stage where it earns a profit.
Often these costs can be met from profits earned in other parts of the business or fromreserves built up from profits earned in past years. Sometimes, however, it is necessary, andoften it may be more advantageous, to raise new money from other sources.
There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed by major businesses fromfriends or acquaintances, and generally the banks are reluctant to provide sufficient cash on apermanent basis for long-term projects, though they will provideshort-term finance.
Such companies can sometimes only raise the money they need to stay in the forefront ofindustry and develop new products and sources of production by turning to the public at largeand inviting it to lend them cash or take a share in the business in exchange for a share infuture profits. This they can do by offering shares in the business or loan capital through TheStock Exchange.
1. If you want to buy a new car, which of the following could you not do?
A. Borrow the money from a building society.
B. Borrow the money from a bank.
C. Take money from your savings.
D. Ask a friend to help you out.
2. The normal way for a small business to finance new operations is to
A. use profits from the business
B. borrow from friends
C. borrow from a hire-purchase company
D. arrange a bank loan
3. Large businesses need to borrow huge amount of money because
A. developing and producing a new product takes a long time
B. they can never make enough profit
C. developing and expanding prod
…… 近几年来,随着高等院校研究生教育的迅速发展,报考博士研究生的人数逐年有所增加;2008年我国在校博士生人数已超过美国,居全球**。博士研究生规模的扩展,一方面是高等院校,特别是**大学学术和科研发展的需要,另一方面也是我国科学研究达到更高水平的实际要求。它从一个方面反映了我国高等教育向更高层次发展的趋势。
博士研究生教育是我国高等教育的*高层次,也是培养高质量专门人才的重要途径。因此,攻读博士学位者,要求考生一方面应具备坚实的专业理论基础和很强的科研能力,另一方面还应具备较好的外语水平。虽然博士生入学考试由各校自行命题,但是英语一般为人学考试中的一门重要课程。英语考试的成绩在一定的程度上直接影响到考生能否被录取。
为了更好地帮助考生准备博士研究生英语入学考试,我们根据近年来北京地区有关院校的考试题型、考试项目、难易度等进行了归纳,以教育部研究生工作办公室颁布的《硕士、博士学位研究生英语教学大纲》为基础,在《清华大学博士生入学考试英语试题选编(第3版)》的基础上,组织编写了这本《博士生入学考试英语备考指南》,以满足更广泛考生的需求。这本书概括了目前博士生入学考试的主要变化和各高校博士生入学考试英语试题中*常出现的题型。
本书的主要特点是:
1)考虑到考生报考不同的院校,本书概括了5种*主要的考试项目。特别是在不考听力理解的情况下,帮助考生加强主观题型的训练和实践。
2)试卷的题型、题量、难易度尽可能与目前各校博士生入学考试相近。
3)在每套试题和专项练习之后附有参考答案和解释。考生可先做试题,然后参照答案和解释解决存在的问题。