Unit1
ReadingMaterial
3DPrinting
ABSTRACT:Theindustrialrevolutionofthelate18thcenturymadepossiblethemassproductionofgoods,therebycreatingeconomiesofscalewhichchangedtheeconomyandsocietyinwaysthatnobodycouldhaveimaginedatthetime.[1]Nowanewmanufacturingtechnologyhasemergedwhichdoestheopposite.Three-dimensionalprintingmakesitascheaptocreatesingleitemsasitistoproducethousandsandthusundermineseconomiesofscale.[2]Itmayhaveasprofoundanimpactontheworldasthecomingofthefactorydid.
KEYWORDS:3Dprinting;production;principle
Theterm"3Dprinting"wascoinedatMITin1995whengraduatestudentsJimBredtandTimAndersonmodifiedaninkjetprintertoextrudeabindingsolutionontoabedofpowder,ratherthaninkontopaper(Fig.1-1).Theensuingpatentledtothecreationofmodern3DprintingcompaniesZCorporation(foundedbyBredtandAnderson)andExOne.
Fig.1-1Theprinciplemodelof3Dprinter
Itworkslikethis.Firstyoucallupablueprint(digitalmodel)onyourcomputerscreenandtinkerwithitsshapeandcolorwherenecessary.Thenyoupressprint.Amachinenearbywhirrsintolifeandbuildsuptheobjectgraduallyeitherbydepositingmaterialfromanozzle,orbyselectivelysolidifyingathinlayerofplasticormetaldustusingtinydropsofglueoratightlyfocusedbeam.[3]Productsarethusbuiltupbyprogressivelyaddingmaterial,onelayeratatime,hencethetechnology'sothername,additivemanufacturing.Eventuallytheobjectinquestion—asparepartforyourcar,alampshade,aviolin—popsout.(Fig.1-2)Thebeautyofthetechnologyisthatitdoesnotneedtohappeninafactory.Smallitemscanbemadebyamachinelikeadesktopprinter,inthecornerofanoffice,ashoporevenahouse;bigitemslikebicycleframes,panelsforcars,aircraftpartsneedalargermachine,andabitmorespace.
Fig.1-2Thecomponentsthrough3Dprinting
Theadditiveapproachtomanufacturinghasseveralbigadvantagesovertheconventionalone.Itcutscostsbygettingridofproductionlines.Itreduceswasteenormously,requiringaslittleasone-tenthoftheamountofmaterial.Itallowsthecreationofpartsinshapesthatconventionaltechniquescannotachieve,resultinginnew,muchmoreefficientdesignsinaircraftwingsorheatexchangers,forexample.Itenablestheproductionofasingleitemquicklyandcheaply—andthenanotheroneafterthedesignhasbeenrefined.
Atthemomenttheprocessispossibleonlywithcertainmaterials(plastics,resinsandmetals)andwithaprecisionofaroundatenthofamillimeter.Aswithcomputinginthelate1970s,itiscurrentlythepreserveofhobbyistsandworkersinafewacademicandindustrialniches.Butlikecomputingbeforeit,3Dprintingisspreadingfastasthetechnologyimprovesandcostsfall.Abasic3Dprinter,alsoknownasafabricatoror“fabber”,[4]nowcostslessthanalaserprinterdidin1985.
Thetechnologywillhaveimplicationsnotjustforthedistributionofcapitalandjobs,butalsoforintellectual-property(IP)rules.Whenobjectscanbedescribedinadigitalfile,theybecomemucheasiertocopyanddistribute.Justaskthemusicindustry.Whentheblueprintsforanewtoy,oradesignershoe,escapeontotheinternet,thechancesthattheowneroftheIPwillloseoutaregreater.
Justasnobodycouldhavepredictedtheimpactofthesteamenginein1750,ortheprintingpressin1450,orthetransistorin1950,itisimpossibletoforeseethelong-termimpactof3Dprinting.Butthetechnologyiscoming,anditislikelytodisrupteveryfieldittouches.Companies,regulatorsandentrepreneursshouldstartthinkingaboutitnow.Onething,atleast,seemsclear:although3Dprintingwillcreatewinnersandlosersintheshortterm,inthelongrunitwillexpandtherealmofindustry.