《蜂学专业英语/全国高等农林院校“十二五”规划教材》:
Manipulations During the Honey Flow
If all has been well prepared before the arrival of the honey-flow season, colony management during the season itself usually involves routine colony inspection, management of brood areas and uniting colonies. Timely inspection will quickly locate queenless colonies and overcrowding, which is conducive to swarming. Timely reversals greatly reduce the tendency to swarm and keep the queen out of the honey super. To successfully unite colonies the odors in two colonies have to be mixed in a way that prevents bees from fighting.
Routine Colony Inspection
If, on routine inspection, eggs are not present, there is a possibility that the colony is queenless, and queen cells in varying stages of development will be present. While the colony naturally requeens itself, about three weeks of brood production will be lost,substantially reducing the potential honey crop especially if the colony became queenless early in the season. Many beekeepers will maintain several (up to ten percent) queen nucs for such situations. Extra queens are kept in small (three-or four-frame), specially constructed hive bodies with a small population of workers. When a queenless colony is encountered, several empty frames are removed and replaced with those from a queen nuc.
The queenless colony at this time quite readily accepts a new laying queen that is accompanied especially by some brood and workers. However, developing queen cells must be destroyed.
If, on routine inspection, the colony is congested with workers, nectar, and pollen, and swarm cells are in varying degrees of development, the colony is about to swarm. Swarming means not only a loss of workers, but a drastic reduction in honey production, so it should be prevented whenever possible. It is best to avoid conditions and combinations of circumstances that induce swarming, as it is easier to prevent than stop once the process is underway. As mentioned earlier, dividing a strong over-wintered colony or removing workers that can be used to sell as packaged bees reduces the tendency to swarm.
Management of Brood Areas
The management of colony's brood area is critical during this season. Brood combs and honey combs must be separated carefully~ a queen excluder is often used for this purpose. It is possible to interrupt swarming by manipulating and "unbalancing" the colony. The queen, with several frames of eggs and young brood (if available) and some empty combs, should be confined to the lower brood chamber with a queen excluder. An empty hive body is placed immediately above the queen excluder, and then is the remaining brood placed above the empty chamber. This arrangement upsets colony organization, at least temporarily, and in a week the queen excluder can be removed and the colony should return to normal.
Another method is based on the fact that the queen starts laying eggs at the bottom of the hive and gradually works upward. When bees are kept in multi-storey hives, with at least two brood chambers, the queen will continue to move upward even into the honey super unless a queen excluder is placed over the brood chamber. The beekeeper can reverse the position of these boxes and so confine the egg-laying activity of the queen to the lower part of the hive, while the supers are spared for honey storage. Reversing brood chambers as previously explained puts her and the recently laid eggs and young larvae in the lower chamber where she will continue to lay. The lower chamber with its frames of empty cells and emerging workers will be reused. Reversing also moves young workers downward where they will feed developing larvae, thus relieving congestion near the top of the hive. During peak brood rearing, the chambers may have to be reversed every 10-to 14-day period.
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