Extract of Preface
For decades, natural or artificial waterflooding process has been the mostly applied technique worldwide in the recovery of oil and gas in porous media. In China, waterflooding process also has been employed for several decades to develop onshore oilfields, most of which is of continental sediments, and exhibits strong heterogeneities. At macroscopic scale, the heterogeneities are characterized vertically by multi-layered and multi-rhythmic (positive, negative or composite)