Preface SECTION I Survey 1 Applied linguistics The need for applied linguistics Examples and procedures The scope of applied linguistics Linguistics and applied linguistics: a difficult relationship 2 Prescribing and describing: popular and academic views of 'correctness' Children's language at home and school Description versus prescription An applied linguistics perspective 3 Languages in the contemporary world Language and languages Attitudes to languages The languages of nations: boundaries and relationships The growth of English English and Englishes Native speakers English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) 4 English Language Teaching (ELT) Grammar-translation language teaching The direct method 'Natural' language learning The communicative approach 5 Language and communication Knowing a language Linguistic competence Communicative competence The influence of communicative competence 6 Context and culture Systematizing context: discourse analysis Culture Translation, culture, and context Own language: rights and understanding Teaching culture 7 Persuasion and poetics; rhetoric and resistance Literary stylistics Language and persuasion Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 8 Past, present, and future directions Early orientation Subsequent changes Second-Language Acquisition (SLA) Corpus linguistics Being applied Critical Applied Linguistics (CALx) 'Post-modern' applied linguistics A harder future: mediation SECTION 2 Readings SECTION 3 References SECTION 4 Glossary