本书是主要阐述粒状填料对橡胶补强的学术专著。填料对橡胶补强是橡胶工业中应用*为广泛的技术之一，99%以上的橡胶制品均含填料，而炭黑和二氧化硅（白炭黑）是常用的填料。目前填料的研究和开发已成为橡胶科技研究中*活跃的领域。 本书除简单介绍填料的制作过程外，着重详细说明填料的微观结构、基本性质及它们表征的原理和方法。在此基础上，本书从理论上阐述了填料在橡胶中的各种效应及这些效应是如何影响填充橡胶的加工性能、硫化胶在溶剂中的溶胀行为和物理机械性能，诸如静态及动态应力-应变特性及破坏特性，并从机理上论述了上述硫化胶性能与橡胶制品，尤其是轮胎的*终使用性能之间的关系。 本书对于橡胶行业的工程师和产品开发人员，以及从事橡胶研究的技术人员、教师和学生是很好的参考资料。

Preface Ⅰ About the Authors Ⅲ 1. Manufacture of Fillers 1 1.1 Manufacture of Carbon Black 3 1.1.1 Mechanisms of Carbon Black Formation 3 1.1.2 Manufacturing Process of Carbon Black 6 1.1.2.1 Oil-Furnace Process 6 1.1.2.2 The Thermal Black Process 10 1.1.2.3 Acetylene Black Process 11 1.1.2.4 Lampblack Process 11 1.1.2.5 Impingement (Channel, Roller) Black Process 12 1.1.2.6 Recycle Blacks 12 1.1.2.7 Surface Modification of Carbon Blacks 13 1.1.2.7.1 Attachments of the Aromatic Ring Nucleus to Carbon Black 13 1.1.2.7.2 Attachments to the Aromatic Ring Structure through Oxidized Groups 13 1.1.2.7.3 Metal Oxide Treatment 14 1.2 Manufacture of Silica 14 1.2.1 Mechanisms of Precipitated Silica Formation 15 1.2.2 Manufacturing Process of Precipitated Silica 16 1.2.3 Mechanisms of Fumed Silica Formation 18 1.2.4 Manufacture Process of Fumed Silica 18 References 19 2. Characterization of Fillers 22 2.1 Chemical Composition 23 2.1.1 Carbon Black 23 2.1.2 Silica 25 2.2 Micro-Structure of Fillers 27 2.2.1 Carbon Black 27 2.2.2 Silica 29 2.3 Filler Morphologies 29 2.3.1 Primary Particles-Surface Area 29 2.3.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 30 2.3.1.2 Gas Phase Adsorptions 34 2.3.1.2.1 Total Surface Area Measured by Nitrogen Adsorption-BET/NSA 35 2.3.1.2.2 External Surface Area Measured by Nitrogen Adsorption-STSA 41 2.3.1.2.3 Micro-Pore Size Distribution Measured by Nitrogen Adsorption 46 2.3.1.3 Liquid Phase Adsorptions 51 2.3.1.3.1 Iodine Adsorptions 52 2.3.1.3.2 Adsorption of Large Molecules 56 2.3.2 Structure-Aggregate Size and Shape 61 2.3.2.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 62 2.3.2.2 Disc Centrifuge Photosedimentometer 66 2.3.2.3 Void Volume Measurement 68 2.3.2.3.1 Oil Absorption 69 2.3.2.3.2 Compressed Volume 75 2.3.2.3.3 Mercury Porosimetry 80 2.3.3 Tinting Strength 83 2.4 Filler Surface Characteristics 92 2.4.1 Characterization of Surface Chemistry of Filler-Surface Groups 92 2.4.2 Characterization of Physical Chemistry of Filler Surface-Surface Energy 93 2.4.2.1 Contact Angle 98 2.4.2.1.1 Single Liquid Phase 98 2.4.2.1.2 Dual Liquid Phases 102 2.4.2.2 Heat of Immersion 106 2.4.2.3 Inverse Gas Chromatograph 111 2.4.2.3.1 Principle of Measuring Filler Surface Energy with IGC 111 2.4.2.3.2 Adsorption at Infinite Dilution 112 2.4.2.3.3 Adsorption at Finite Concentration 118 2.4.2.3.4 Surface Energy of the Fillers 123 2.4.2.3.5 Estimation of Rubber-Filler Interaction from Adsorption Energy of Elastomer Analogs 139 2.4.2.4 Bound Rubber Measurement 142 References 143 3. Effect of Fillers in Rubber 153 3.1 Hydrodynamic Effect ? Strain Amplification 153 3.2 Interfacial Interaction between Filler and Polymer 155 3.2.1 Bound Rubber 155 3.2.2 Rubber Shell 159 3.3 Occlusion of Rubber 161 3.4 Filler Agglomeration 163 3.4.1 Observations of Filler Agglomeration 163 3.4.2 Modes of Filler Agglomeration 164 3.4.3 Thermodynamics of Filler Agglomeration 167 3.4.4 Kinetics of Filler Agglomeration 170 References 173 4. Filler Dispersion 177 4.1 Basic Concept of Filler Dispersion 177 4.2 Parameters Influencing Filler Dispersion 179 4.3 Liquid Phase Mixing 187 References 191 5. Effect of Fillers on the Properties of Uncured Compounds 193 5.1 Bound Rubber 193 5.1.1 Significance of Bound Rubber 194 5.1.2 Measurement of Bound Rubber 195 5.1.3 Nature of Bound Rubber Attachment 197 5.1.4 Polymer Mobility in Bound Rubber 202 5.1.5 Polymer Effects on Bound Rubber 203 5.1.5.1 Molecular Weight Effects 203 5.1.5.2 Polymer Chemistry Effects 203 5.1.6 Effect of Filler on Bound Rubber 204 5.1.6.1 Surface Area and Structure 204 5.1.6.2 Specific Surface Activity of Carbon Blacks 206 5.1.6.3 Effect of Surface Characteristics on Bound Rubber 210 5.1.6.4 Carbon Black Surface Modification 211 5.1.6.5 Silica Surface Modification 215 5.1.7 Effect of Mixing Conditions on Bound Rubber 215 5.1.7.1 Temperature and Time of Mixing 216 5.1.7.2 Mixing Sequence Effect of Rubber Ingredients 218 5.1.7.2.1 Mixing Sequence of Oil and Other Additives 219 5.1.7.2.2 Mixing Sequence of Sulfur, Sulfur Donor, and Other Crosslinkers 221 5.1.7.2.3 Bound Rubber of Silica Compounds 222 5.1.7.3 Bound Rubber in Wet Masterbatches 223 5.1.7.4 Bound Rubber of Fumed Silica-Filled Silicone Rubber 225 5.2 Viscosity of Filled Compounds 227 5.2.1 Factors Influencing Viscosity of the Carbon Black-Filled Compounds 227 5.2.2 Master Curve of Viscosity vs. Effective Volume of Carbon Blacks 230 5.2.3 Viscosity of Silica Compounds 233 5.2.4 Viscosity Growth ? Storage Hardening 238 5.3 Die Swell and Surface Appearance of the Extrudate 241 5.3.1 Die Swell of Carbon Black Compounds 241 5.3.2 Die Swell of Silica Compounds 246 5.3.3 Extrudate Appearance 247 5.4 Green Strength 249 5.4.1 Effect of Polymers 249 5.4.2 Effect of Filler Properties 252 References 255 6. Effect of Fillers on the Properties of Vulcanizates 263 6.1 Swelling 263 6.2 Stress-Strain Behavior 271 6.2.1 Low Strain 271 6.2.2 Hardness 274 6.2.3 Medium and High Strains-The Strain Dependence of Modulus 275 6.3 Strain-Energy Loss-Stress-Softening Effect 279 6.3.1 Mechanisms of Stress-Softening Effect 282 6.3.1.1 Gum 282 6.3.1.2 Filled Vulcanizates 283 6.3.1.3 Recovery of Stress Softening 287 6.3.2 Effect of Fillers on Stress Softening 288 6.3.2.1 Carbon Blacks 288 6.3.2.1.1 Effect of Loading 288 6.3.2.1.2 Effect of Surface Area 289 6.3.2.1.3 Effect of Structure 290 6.3.2.2 Precipitated Silica 290 6.4 Fracture Properties 295 6.4.1 Crack Initiation 295 6.4.2 Tearing 296 6.4.2.1 State of Tearing 296 6.4.2.1.1 Effect of Filler 301 6.4.2.1.2 Effect of Polymer Crystallizability and Network Structure 302 6.4.2.2 Tearing Energy 306 6.4.2.2.1 Effect of Filler 306 6.4.2.2.2 Effect of Polymer Crystallizability and Network Structure 307 6.4.3 Tensile Strength and Elongation at Break 315 6.4.4 Fatigue 318 References 321 7. Effect of Fillers on the Dynamic Properties of Vulcanizates 329 7.1 Dynamic Properties of Vulcanizates 329 7.2 Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates 332 7.2.1 Strain Amplitude Dependence of Elastic Modulus of Filled Rubber 332 7.2.2 Strain Amplitude Dependence of Viscous Modulus of Filled Rubber 340 7.2.3 Strain Amplitude Dependence of Loss Tangent of Filled Rubber 343 7.2.4 Hysteresis Mechanisms of Filled Rubber Concerning Different Modes of Filler Agglomeration 348 7.2.5 Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates 350 7.3 Dynamic Stress Softening Effect 354 7.3.1 Stress-Softening Effect of Filled Rubbers Measured with Mode 2 355 7.3.2 Effect of Temperature on Dynamic Stress-Softening 359 7.3.3 Effect of Frequency on Dynamic Stress-Softening 360 7.3.4 Stress-Softening Effect of Filled Rubbers Measured with Mode 3 362 7.3.5 Effect of Filler Characteristics on Dynamic Stress-Softening and Hysteresis 369 7.3.6 Dynamic Stress-Softening of Silica Compounds Produced by Liquid Phase Mixing 371 7.4 Time-Temperature Superposition of Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates 376 7.5 Heat Build-up 385 7.6 Resilience 387 References 389 8. Rubber Reinforcement Related to Tire Performance 394 8.1 Rolling Resistance 394 8.1.1 Mechanisms of Rolling Resistance-Relationship between Rolling Resistance and Hysteresis 394 8.1.2 Effect of Filler on Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Properties 396 8.1.2.1 Effect of Filler Loading 396 8.1.2.2 Effect of Filler Morphology 397 因字数限制，仅展示部分目录